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Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin [c] born 7 October is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who is serving as the current president of Russia sincepreviously being in the office from until As ofPutin is the second-longest serving European president, after Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus. Putin was born in Leningrad now Saint Petersburg and studied law at Leningrad State Universitygraduating in Putin worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer for 16 years, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonelbefore resigning in to begin a political career in Saint Petersburg.
He later moved to Moscow in to join the administration of president Boris Yeltsin. He briefly served as director of the Federal Security Service FSB and secretary of the Security Councildissertation questions about russian elite consumption, before being appointed as prime minister in August After the resignation of Yeltsin, Putin became acting presidentand less than four months later was elected outright to his first term as president and was reelected in As he was then constitutionally limited to two consecutive terms as president, Putin chose to become the prime minister again from toand was reelected as president inand again in In Aprilfollowing a referendumhe signed into law constitutional amendments including one that would allow him to run for reelection twice more, potentially extending his presidency to Under Putin's leadership, Russia has experienced democratic backsliding.
Experts do not generally consider Russia to be a democracy, citing jailing of political opponents, purges, and dissertation questions about russian elite consumption repression and prohibition of a free press, as well as the lack of free and fair elections. Human rights organizations and activists accuse Putin of persecuting political critics and activists as well as ordering them tortured or assassinated.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was born on 7 October in LeningradRussian SFSRSoviet Union now Saint Petersburg, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption, Russia[21] [22] the youngest of three children of Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin — and Maria Ivanovna Putina née Shelomova; — Spiridon Putin, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption, Vladimir Putin's grandfather, was a personal cook to Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. Albert died in infancy and Viktor died of diphtheria during the Siege of Leningrad by Nazi Germany's forces in World War II.
Early in World War IIhis father served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD. On 1 SeptemberPutin started at School No.
He was one of a few in the class of approximately 45 pupils who was not yet a member of the Young Pioneer organization.
At age 12, he began to practice sambo and judo. Putin studied law at the Leningrad State University named after Andrei Zhdanov now Saint Petersburg State University in and graduated in Putin would be influential in Sobchak's career in Saint-Petersburg. Sobchak would be influential in Putin's career in Moscow.
InPutin joined the KGB and trained at the st KGB school in Okhta, Leningrad. Masha Gessena Russian-American who has authored a biography about Putin, claims "Putin and his colleagues were reduced mainly to collecting press clippings, thus contributing to the mountains of useless information produced by the KGB". According to journalist Catherine Beltonthis downplaying was actually cover for Putin's involvement in KGB coordination and support for the terrorist Red Army Factionwhose members were frequently hiding in Eastern Germany with support of the Stasiand Dresden was preferred as a "marginal" town with low presence of Western intelligence services.
According to an anonymous source, a former RAF member, at one of these meetings in Dresden the militants presented Putin with a list of weapons that were later delivered to the RAF in West Germany. Klaus Zuchold, who claimed to be recruited by Putin, said the latter also handled a neo-nazi Rainer Sonntag, and attempted to recruit an author of a study on poisons. He was involved in wireless communications technologies in South-East Asia due to trips of German engineers, recruited by him, there and to the West, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption.
According to Putin's official biography, during the fall of the Berlin Wall that began on 9 Novemberhe saved the files of the Soviet Cultural Center House of Friendship and of the KGB villa in Dresden for the official authorities of the would-be united Germany to prevent demonstrators, including KGB and Stasi agents, from obtaining and destroying them. He then supposedly burnt only the KGB files, in a few hours, but saved the archives of the Soviet Cultural Center for the German authorities.
Nothing is told about the selection criteria during this burning; for example, concerning Stasi files or about files of other agencies of the German Democratic Republic or of the USSR.
He explained that many documents were left to Germany only because the furnace burst. But many documents of the KGB villa were sent to Moscow. After the collapse of the Communist East German governmentPutin was to resign from active KGB service because of suspicions aroused regarding his loyalty during demonstrations in Dresden and earlier, though the KGB and the Soviet army still operated in Germany, and he returned to Leningrad in earlywhere he worked for about three months with the International Affairs section of Leningrad State Universityreporting to Vice-Rector Yuriy Molchanov.
InPutin described communism as "a blind alley, far away from the mainstream of civilization". In MayPutin was appointed as an advisor on international affairs to the Mayor of Leningrad Anatoly Sobchak. In a interview with Oliver StonePutin said that he resigned from the KGB infollowing the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev, as he did not agree with what had happened and did not want to be part of the intelligence in the new administration.
On 28 Junehe became head of the Committee for External Relations of the Mayor's Officewith responsibility for promoting international relations and foreign investments [53] and registering business ventures. Within a year, Putin was investigated by the city legislative council led by Marina Salye. In MarchPutin was appointed as First Deputy Chairman of the Government of Saint Petersburg, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption. In Mayhe organized the Saint Petersburg branch of the pro-government Our Home — Russia political party, the liberal party of power founded by Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.
Inhe managed the legislative election campaign for that party, and from through Junehe was the leader of its Saint Petersburg branch. In JuneSobchak lost his bid for re-election in Saint Petersburg, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption, and Putin, who had led dissertation questions about russian elite consumption election campaign, resigned from his positions in the city administration.
He moved to Moscow and was appointed as Deputy Chief of the Presidential Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin. He occupied this position until March He was responsible for the foreign property of the state and organized the transfer of the former assets of the Soviet Union and Communist Party to the Russian Federation.
On 26 MarchPresident Boris Yeltsin appointed Putin deputy chief of the Presidential Staffa post which he retained until Mayand chief of the Main Control Directorate of the Presidential Property Management Department until June His predecessor in this position was Alexei Kudrin and his successor was Nikolai Patrushevdissertation questions about russian elite consumption future prominent politicians and Putin's associates.
On 27 Juneat the Saint Petersburg Mining Instituteguided by rector Vladimir LitvinenkoPutin defended his Candidate of Science dissertation in economics, titled The Strategic Dissertation questions about russian elite consumption of Regional Resources Under the Formation of Market Relations.
On 25 MayPutin was appointed First Deputy Chief of the Presidential Staff for the regions, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption, in succession to Viktoriya Mitina ; and, on 15 July, he was appointed head of the commission for the preparation of agreements on the delimitation of the power of the regions and dissertation questions about russian elite consumption of the federal center attached to the president, replacing Sergey Shakhray.
After Putin's appointment, the commission completed no such agreements, although dissertation questions about russian elite consumption Shakhray's term as the head of the Commission 46 such agreements had been signed.
On dissertation questions about russian elite consumption JulyYeltsin appointed Putin Director of the Federal Security Service FSBdissertation questions about russian elite consumption, the primary intelligence and security organization of the Russian Federation and the successor to the KGB, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption. On 9 AugustPutin was appointed one of three First Dissertation questions about russian elite consumption Prime Ministers, and later on that day, was appointed acting Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation by President Yeltsin.
Later on that same day, Putin agreed to run for the presidency. On 16 August, the State Duma approved his appointment as Prime Minister with votes in favor vs.
On his appointment, few expected Putin, virtually unknown to the general public, to last any longer than his predecessors. He was initially regarded as a Yeltsin loyalist; like other prime ministers of Boris Yeltsin, Putin did not choose ministers himself, his cabinet was determined by the presidential administration. Yeltsin's main opponents and would-be successors were already campaigning to replace the ailing president, and they fought hard dissertation questions about russian elite consumption prevent Putin's emergence as a potential successor.
Following the Russian apartment bombings and the invasion of Dagestan by mujahideensincluding the former KGB agents, based in the Chechen Republic of IchkeriaPutin's law-and-order image and unrelenting approach to the Second Chechen War soon combined to raise his popularity and allowed him to overtake his rivals. While not formally associated with any party, Putin pledged his support to the newly formed Unity Party[69] which won the second largest percentage of the popular vote On 31 DecemberYeltsin unexpectedly resigned and, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption, according to the Constitution of RussiaPutin became Acting President of the Russian Federation.
On assuming this role, Putin went on a previously scheduled visit to Russian troops in Chechnya. The first Presidential Decree that Putin signed, on 31 Decemberwas titled "On guarantees for the former president of the Russian Federation and the members of his family".
On 30 Decemberyet another case against the prosecutor general was dropped "for lack of evidence", despite thousands of documents having been forwarded by Swiss prosecutors. A case regarding Putin's alleged corruption in metal exports from was brought back by Marina Salyebut she was silenced and forced to leave Saint Petersburg. The inauguration of President Putin occurred on 7 May Putin appointed the Minister of Financedissertation questions about russian elite consumption, Mikhail Kasyanovas the Prime Minister.
The first major challenge to Putin's popularity came in Augustwhen he was criticized for the alleged mishandling of the Kursk submarine disaster. Between andPutin set about the reconstruction of the impoverished condition of the country, apparently winning a power-struggle with the Russian oligarchsreaching a 'grand bargain' with them.
This bargain allowed the oligarchs to maintain most of their powers, in exchange for their explicit support for—and alignment with—Putin's government. The Moscow theater hostage crisis occurred in October Many in the Russian press and in the international media warned that the deaths of hostages in the special forces' rescue operation during the crisis would severely damage President Putin's popularity, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption.
Ina referendum was held in Chechnyaadopting a new constitution which declares that the Republic of Chechnya is a part of Russia; on the other hand, the region did acquire autonomy. The near year period prior to the rise of Putin after the dissolution of Soviet rule was a time of upheaval in Russia.
The continued criminal prosecution of Russia's then richest man, President of Yukos oil and gas company Mikhail Khodorkovskyfor fraud and tax evasion was seen by the international press as a retaliation for Khodorkovsky's donations to both liberal and communist opponents of the Kremlin.
On 7 OctoberAnna Politkovskayaa journalist who exposed corruption in the Russian army and its conduct in Chechnyawas shot in the lobby of her apartment building, on Putin's birthday. The death of Politkovskaya triggered international criticism, with accusations that Putin had failed to protect the country's new independent media. In" Dissenters' Marches " were organized by the opposition group The Other Russia[] led by former chess champion Garry Kasparov and national-Bolshevist leader Eduard Limonov.
Following prior warnings, demonstrations in several Russian cities were met by police action, which included interfering with the travel of the protesters and the arrests of as many as people who attempted to break through police lines.
On 12 SeptemberPutin dissolved the government upon the request of Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov. Fradkov commented that it was to give the President a "free hand" in the run-up to the parliamentary election. Viktor Zubkov was appointed the new prime minister. In DecemberUnited Russia won Putin was barred from a third consecutive term by the Constitution. First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was elected his successor.
In a power-switching operation on 8 Mayonly a day after handing the presidency to Medvedev, Putin was appointed Prime Minister of Russiamaintaining his political dominance, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption. Putin has said that overcoming the consequences of the world economic crisis was one of the two main achievements of his second Premiership. At the United Russia Congress in Moscow on 24 SeptemberMedvedev officially proposed that Putin stand for the Presidency inan offer Putin accepted.
Given United Russia's near-total dominance of Russian politics, many observers believed that Putin was assured of a third term. The move was expected to see Medvedev stand on the United Russia ticket in the parliamentary elections in December, with a goal of becoming Prime Minister at the end of his presidential term.
After the parliamentary elections on 4 Decembertens of thousands of Russians engaged in protests against alleged electoral fraud, the largest protests in Putin's time. Protesters criticized Putin and United Russia and demanded annulment of the election results. On 24 Septemberwhile speaking at the United Russia party congress, Medvedev announced that he would recommend the party nominate Putin as its presidential candidate.
He also revealed that the two men had long ago cut a deal to allow Putin to run for president in On 4 MarchPutin won the Russian presidential elections in the first round, with Anti-Putin protests took place during and directly after the presidential campaign.
The most notorious protest was the Pussy Riot performance on 21 February, and subsequent trial, dissertation questions about russian elite consumption. Some of the attendees stated that they had been paid to come, were forced to come by their employers, or were misled into believing that they were going to attend a folk festival instead. Putin's presidency was inaugurated in the Kremlin on 7 May
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